I guessed that all Child table rows have a corresponding row in Master table.
In other words, Child table has logically foreign key constraint to Master table
(Wheather you defined explicitly FOREIGN KEY in your table or not.)
Then try
Code:
UPDATE Child_table c
SET (col_a , col_b , ...)
= (SELECT col_x , col_y , ...
FROM Master_table m
WHERE <matching conditions>
)