In some cases, the dependent object might not need to be deleted first... In the case of dependent tables, you would need to drop the dependency first. (the foreign key constraint.) Then, after you change the data type in both locations, alter the table to add the foreign key constraint again.
As far as views; save them in SQL, then drop them, and after the data type is updated, run the SQL to recreate the views.
As far as PostgreSQL not adhering to Microsoft's standards... it's being developed open source. The developers are volunteers, and don't have billions of dollars to spend on behind the scenes 'polishing' ...